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Uncertainty principle
Foundational principle in quantum physics
For other uses, see Uncertainty principle (disambiguation).
The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other property can be known.
More formally, the uncertainty principle is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the product of the accuracy of certain related pairs of measurements on a quantum system, such as position, x, and momentum, p.[1] Such paired-variables are known as complementary variables or canonically conjugate variables.
First introduced in by German physicist Werner Heisenberg,[2][3][4] • Objective: Cognitive remediation (CR) approaches have demonstrated to be effective in improving cognitive functions in schizophrenia. However, there is a lack of integrated CR approaches that target multiple neuro- and social-cognitive domains with a special focus on the generalization of therapy effects to functional outcome. Method: This 8-site randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of a novel CR group therapy approach called integrated neurocognitive therapy (INT). INT includes well-defined exercises to improve all neuro- and social-cognitive domains as defined by the Measurement And Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) initiative by compensation and restitution. One hundred and fifty-six outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder according to DSM-IV-TR or ICD were randomly assigned to receive 15 weeks of INT or treatment as usual (TAU). INT patients received 30 bi-weekly therapy sessions. Each • Published in final edited form as: AJOB Empir Bioeth. May 1;14(4)– doi: / In recent decades, the field of precision medicin research (PMR), which studies the relationships among genes, behaviors, and environmental exposures, has been challenged bygd a lack of diversity in research participation (Need and Goldstein ; Popejoy and Fullerton ). In response, multiple initiatives now seek to include greater proportions of historically underrepresented populations in research. Community engagement (CE) has emerged as a key intervention to help achieve this goal, as well to acknowledge past harms in biomedical research and address persistent questions about trust and the conventional relationships that PMR researchers, and participants have with one another. Our entry and contribution to debates about how to situate the invitation to underrepresented groups to participate in PMR within the broader social and political context a
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